Lingua Franca

Tertanya-tanya juga mana wujudnya, asal usul nama lingua franca itu sendiri sebab apabila disebut lingua franca, orang akan menuding dan merujuk kepada sesuatu bahasa yang selalu digunakan ataupun sebuah bahasa yang digunakan secara meluas dimerata tempat dan bukan hanya disesebuah kawasan sahaja.

"lingua franca (awalnya Bahasa Itali untuk "bahasa kaum Frank") adalah bahasa sistematik digunakan untuk membuat komunikasi yang mungkin berlaku antara orang-orang tidak berkongsi bahasa ibunda, khususnya ketika itu adalah bahasa ketiga, berbeza dari kedua-dua bahasa ibunda"

"Lingua franca ditakrifkan panjang, bergantung pada sejarah bahasa atau struktur bahasa tersebut. Meskipun "pidgins" dan "Kreol" sering berfungsi sebagai francas lingua, francas lingua banyak yang tidak pidgins atau Kreol. Sinonim untuk lingua franca adalah "Bahasa perantaraan". Sedangkan bahasa vernakular digunakan sebagai bahasa asli di komuniti pembicara tunggal, Bahasa perantaraan melampaui batas-batas komuniti asalnya, dan digunakan sebagai bahasa kedua untuk komunikasi antara komuniti. Sebagai contoh, Bahasa Inggeris adalah bahasa ibunda di Inggeris, tapi digunakan sebagai bahasa perantaraan (iaitu,sebuah lingua franca) di Filipina."

Bahasa Melayu-Indonesia sebahagian dari lingua franca

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca#Malay-Indonesian

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the branch of science or physics that studies various forms of energies and their conversion from one form to the other like electrical energy to mechanical energy, heat to electrical, chemical to mechanical, wind to electrical etc. Thermodynamics is an important subject area studied under Mechanical Engineering.


Important laws of thermodynamics namely first law of thermodynamics, second law of thermodynamics, third law of thermodynamics and Zeroth law of thermodynamics.


System is the system of hot liquid water and solid table salt in a sealed, insulated test tube held in a vacuum (the surroundings). 

Open systems may exchange any form of energy as well as matter with their environment. A boundary allowing matter exchange is called permeable. The ocean would be an example of an open system.

Closed systems are able to exchange energy (heat and work) but not matter with their environment. A greenhouse is an example of a closed system exchanging heat but not work with its environment. Whether a system exchanges heat, work or both is usually thought of as a property of its boundary.

§  Adiabatic boundary – not allowing any heat exchange

§  Rigid boundary – not allowing exchange of work

Isolated systems are completely isolated from their environment. They do not exchange heat, work or matter with their environment. An example of an isolated system is a completely insulated rigid container, such as a completely insulated gas cylinder. As time passes in an isolated system, internal differences in the system tend to even out and pressures and temperatures tend to equalize, as do density differences. The second law of thermodynamics is only true for isolated systems. It is important to note that isolated systems are not equivalent to closed systems.